Assessment of Fungal Contamination, of River Avu, Amaokwa Item, Bende Local Government Area Abia State Nigeria

This study assessed the total fungal count, prevalence, and morphological characteristics of fungal isolates from surface water samples collected at upstream, midstream, and downstream sections of River Avu in Amaokwa Item, Bende Local Government Area, Abia State, Nigeria. Water samples were systematically obtained and analyzed for fungal load, while identification of isolates was based on cultural features, microscopic examination, and morphological traits. Results showed that downstream samples recorded the highest total fungal count, reaching 4.2 × 10³ cfu/mL, indicating increased contamination likely due to surface runoff and anthropogenic activities. Midstream and upstream samples exhibited comparatively lower counts, ranging between 1.1 × 10³ and 3.0 × 10³ cfu/mL. The most prevalent fungal genera included Penicillium, Aspergillus, Rhizopus, and Geotrichum, with Penicillium and Aspergillus species consistently detected in midstream and downstream zones. Morphological analysis revealed distinct colony structures and conidiophore arrangements that aided accurate identification of isolates. These findings emphasize the importance of routine microbial monitoring of surface water sources, especially those used for domestic purposes, due to potential health risks posed by mycotoxigenic and opportunistic fungal pathogens.