Assessing the 6G readiness across the European Union: A multi-criteria decision-making approach under incomplete information

• A novel index assesses national 6G readiness across all EU-27 member states. • Uses an extended VIKOR method to address incomplete expert weight information. • Denmark and Estonia emerge as the most robust leaders across all decision strategies. • Structural delays in major economies like Germany and Belgium are identified. • The framework serves as a support instrument for targeting digital investments.