Population
1D pulse wave propagation model of calf muscle pump hemodynamics
Comparison
Simulated muscle contraction by increasing… vs Different configurations
Design
Preclinical
Authors
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Cautious human translation required; leaves open valve engineering for venous return optimization.
Computational modeling demonstrates that proximal venous valves significantly increase venous return and the superficial venous system aids in maintaining perfusion and reducing refilling time during calf muscle contraction.
Keijsers et al. (2015) studied this question.
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