Non-Metric Partial Least Squares

In this paper I review covariance-based Partial Least Squares (PLS) methods, focusing on common features of their respective algorithms and optimization criteria. I then show how these algorithms can be adjusted for use as optimal scaling tools. Three new PLS-type algorithms are proposed for the analysis of one, two or several blocks of variables: the Non-Metric NIPALS, the Non-Metric PLS Regression and the Non-Metric PLS Path Modeling, respectively. These algorithms extend the applicability of PLS methods to data measured on different measurement scales, as well as to variables linked by non-linear relationships.