Enhanced H2 evolution efficiency is achieved via manipulating the spatial location of oxygen vacancies in niobates. The ultrathin K4 Nb6O17 nanosheets which are rich in surface oxygen vacancies show enhanced optical absorption and band gap narrowing. Meanwhile, the fast charge separation effectively reduces the probability of hole-electron recombination, enabling 20 times hydrogen evolution rate compared with the defect-free bulk counterpart.
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Bi et al. (2014) studied this question.
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