Why the study?
The normal limits of left ventricular hemodynamic forces are not exactly known.
Population
269 healthy subjects (mean age 43 ± 14 years, 123 men)
Design
Cross-sectional echocardiographic study
Authors
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Provides HDFs reference values in healthy adults; leaves open their prognostic or therapeutic utility.
This study establishes physiologic reference ranges for left ventricular hemodynamic forces using speckle-tracking echocardiography in healthy adults, identifying age, sex, BSA, pulse pressure, heart rate, and GCS as key correlates.
Ferrara et al. (2021) studied this question.
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