Spoofing and countermeasures for automatic speaker verification

It is widely acknowledged that most biometric systems are vulnerable to spoofing, also known as imposture. While vul-nerabilities and countermeasures for other biometric modalities have been widely studied, e.g. face verification, speaker verifi-cation systems remain vulnerable. This paper describes some specific vulnerabilities studied in the literature and presents a brief survey of recent work to develop spoofing countermea-sures. The paper concludes with a discussion on the need for standard datasets, metrics and formal evaluations which are needed to assess vulnerabilities to spoofing in realistic scenarios without prior knowledge. Index Terms: spoofing, imposture, automatic speaker verifica-tion