Molecular signatures of sprint, strength, and power performance: Integrating genetic, epigenetic, transcriptomic, and telomeric evidence

Recent advances in sports genomics and epigenetics have significantly enhanced our understanding of the biological underpinnings of sprint, strength, and power performance. While genetic predisposition influences muscle fiber composition, contractile speed, and neuromuscular efficiency, epigenetic mechanisms are increasingly recognized for their role in modulating gene expression in response to training and environmental stimuli. In this narrative review, we synthesize current findings on key genetic variants, including polymorphisms in ACTN3 (R577X), ACE , and AMPD1 , which have been associated with muscle hypertrophy, anaerobic capacity, and explosive strength. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and candidate gene approaches have identified over 150 polymorphisms relevant to power-oriented sports, with ACTN3 R577X emerging as a strong predictor of sprinting ability. However, interindividual variability in performance cannot be explained by genetics alone. Epigenetic modifications—such as DNA methylation, histone acetylation, and microRNA (miRNA) activity—regulate skeletal muscle plasticity, recovery, and adaptation. Notably, miRNAs act as key post-transcriptional regulators, influencing pathways involved in oxidative metabolism and neuromuscular remodeling. Furthermore, telomere biology has emerged as a complementary factor, with telomere length serving as a biomarker of biological aging and regenerative capacity, particularly relevant to high-intensity, power-based sports. By integrating genomics, epigenomics, and transcriptomics, this narrative review provides a comprehensive framework for understanding the complex biology of elite athletic performance and highlights future directions for personalized training and talent identification in sport science.