Enhancing ESP Learning with Content-Based Instruction and 21st-Century Skills

Educational models that emphasise the transmission of fixed content knowledge are increasingly challenged by more flexible and self-regulated learning. This article examines the paradigmatic shift to knowledge generation, skills-based lifelong learning, and adaptability with 21st-century skills in teaching and learning English for Specific Purposes (ESP). Content-Based Instruction (CBI) has long existed in ESP, but while CBI has historically integrated language learning with subject matter, its focus on fixed content has less emphasis on equipping students with 21st-century skills. In this study, ESP teachers in a Finnish university were asked about their views on the relevance of 21st-century skills to ESP teaching and learning. The results indicate that ESP teachers see 21st-century skills as very relevant to ESP, as students must develop modern working life skills and their English, especially for communication, collaboration, and critical thinking. The rise of artificial intelligence, however, raises concerns among ESP teachers about its impact on both teaching and second language acquisition. Based on the results, CBI for ESP can be enhanced to function more effectively to support students’ 21st-century and English language skills to better prepare them for versatile language and communication competence.