Diagnostic Performance of Standardized First Trimester Fetal Echocardiography for the Detection of Congenital Heart Defects

Figures

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  FIGURE 1. Flow chart of fetuses included in the study. CHDs, congenital heart defects; FE, fetal echocardiography; US, ultrasonography.

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  FIGURE 2. First trimester fetal echocardiographic images of tetralogy of Fallot, atrioventricular septal defect, and hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Tetralogy of Fallot (a, b). Note the course of the aorta in the left ventricular outflow tract (overriding aorta) and color Doppler image in the same section (a). There are two vessels (aorta and superior vena cava) in the 3‐vessel view of the same fetus (b). Atrioventricular septal defect (c, d). Asterisk indicates endocardial cushion defect in gray scale (c) and ventricular filling on color Doppler (d). Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (e, f). Appearance of left ventricular hypoplasia in gray scale and color Doppler (e). Note that the aorta is hypoplastic in the 3‐vessel view in the same fetus (f). Ao, aorta; LA, left atrium; LV, left ventricle; PA, pulmonary artery; RA, right atrium; RV, right ventricle; SVC, superior vena cava.

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  FIGURE 3. First trimester fetal echocardiographic images of double outlet right ventricle, Ebstein anomaly, and transposition of the great arteries. Double outlet right ventricle (a, b). Gray scale (a) and color Doppler (b) view of the aorta and pulmonary artery originating from the right ventricle. Note that the aorta and pulmonary artery are not crossed. Ebstein anomaly (c, d). In gray scale, the tricuspid valve is located more apically in the four‐chamber view, and the left atrium is dilated (c). Severe tricuspid regurgitation with apical onset on color Doppler in the same fetus (d). Transposition of the great arteries (e, f). In gray scale, the aorta originates from the right ventricle, and the pulmonary artery originates from the left ventricle (e). Color Doppler image of the parallel course of the aorta and pulmonary artery in the sagittal oblique section in the same fetus (f). The aortic valve is dysplastic, and there is reverse flow in the aorta. Ao, aorta; LA, left atrium; LV, left ventricle; PA, pulmonary artery; RA, right atrium; RV, right ventricle; SVC, superior vena cava; TV, tricuspid valve.