Differential structure-function network coupling in the inattentive and combined types of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Figures

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  Fig 1. ADHD-related brain networks for subnetwork analysis—The default mode network (12 regions), executive control network (12 regions), and salience network (12 regions). Abbreviations: ANG, angular gyrus; PRCU, precuneus; ACC, anterior cingulate cortex; MCC, middle cingulate cortex; OFGmed, orbitofrontal cortex (medial part); MTG, middle temporal gyrus; SFGdor, superior frontal gyrus (dorsal part); MFG, middle frontal gyrus; IFGop, inferior frontal gyrus (pars orbitalis); IFGtr, inferior frontal gyrus (triangular part); IPL, inferior parietal lobe; CAU, caudate; INS, insular; MTG, middle temporal gyrus; ITG, inferior temporal gyrus; SMA, supplementary motor area.

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  Fig 2. (A) Statistical group differences in structural connectivity between regions of the subnetworks (B) Because functional connectivity measures did not distinguish either ADHD subtype from TDC, only the difference in functional connectivity between the ADHD-I and ADHD-C subtypes are displayed (FDR < 0.05).

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  Fig 3. Group comparisons of global structural efficiency (A) and global functional efficiency (B) in the default mode, executive control, and salience networks. *p<0.05, **p<0.01 (two-sample t-tests).

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  Fig 4. Structure-function coupling results for the ADHD-related subnetworks. *p<0.05. **p<0.01 (two-sample t-tests).

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  Fig 5. Relationship between inattention and hyperactivity (A), between SC-FC coupling in the DMN and hyperactivity score (B) between SC-FC coupling in the DMN and inattention score (C) in ADHD-I and ADHD-C. Diff: statistical significance of the two different correlation coefficients.

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  Fig 6. Summary of the global efficiency of both structural connectivity (SC) and functional connectivity (FC), and the SC-FC couplings in ADHD-related subnetworks. The solid arrow indicates significant group differences and the dotted arrow indicates a tendency of differences (if not significant) between groups. The colors indicate the group means of each feature relative to the TDC. Red indicates higher mean value while blue indicates lower mean value than TDC. DMN: default mode network, ECN: executive control network, and SAN: salience network.