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A new CTD has been designed for gliders and other AUVs. It uses a four-electrode conductivity cell with internal temperature sensor to achieve excellent dynamic response and high spatial resolution. The design is rugged, has low drag and is resistant to fouling. No pump is required and the electronics are self-calibrating and free of thermal drifts. Results of a comparison with an un-pumped Seabird SBE-41cp CTD on a glider show superior performance in all temperature gradient situations
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Schmitt et al. (2006) studied this question.