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Smart biomaterials represent a significant leap from the early days of inert implants and advancing through generations that reflect increasing levels of biological interaction and functionality. Initial materials were designed solely for structural support and compatibility, but the introduction of bioactive and biodegradable systems enabled better integration with host tissues. Third-generation biomaterials brought bioinstructive capabilities, able to influence cellular responses and support regeneration rather than simple replacement. Today, fourth-generation materials exhibit dynamic, stimuli-responsive behavior, adapting to internal cues like pH, temperature, and enzymatic activity. These materials enable applications such as targeted drug delivery, self-healing implants, and tissue scaffolds that interact with their environment in real time. Their biomedical relevance spans wound healing, cardiovascular repair, cancer therapy and many more, offering multifunctionality and precision in clinical contexts. Notably, recent developments have been shaped by the integration of advanced fabrication and computational tools. Emerging technologies such as 4D bioprinting allow the creation of living, shape-morphing constructs that evolve over time. Meanwhile, artificial intelligence accelerates biomaterial design through predictive modeling, optimizing compositions, and enabling patient-specific solutions. Together, these tools position smart biomaterials at the forefront of personalized, adaptive, and regenerative medicine.
Dutta et al. (Thu,) studied this question.