Stability and change in paternal involvement among urban African American fathers.

Urban African American fathers' involvement with their children born outside of marriage is assessed through maternal reports. Multivariable composites of paternal involvement indicate that about half of unmarried fathers are highly involved at the time of birth and when children are preschool age, and half are uninvolved. However, nearly 40% of fathers move into or out of active parenting during this time. Multinomial logit analyses indicate that paternal education and employment increase the likelihood that fathers will be highly involved as children age and decrease the odds of a loss of paternal involvement. Strong or harmonious mother-father relations (romantic or not) increase the odds of fathers' being highly involved and mediate the impact of fathers residential and marita: status. Finally, neither new maternal partners nor highly involved grandmothers deter paternal involvement.