Label-free localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) biosensor, based on Au-Ag NPs embedded in TiO2 matrix, for detection of Ochratoxin-A (OTA) in wine

, using 55 μL of sample, outperforming commercial ELISA technique in relevant bioanalytical parameters. Sensitivity in OTA detection is crucial because it ensures the accurate identification of low concentrations, which is essential for preventing health risks associated to cumulative ingestion of contaminated food products. The robustness and feasibility of the presented LSPR-based biosensing was tested using spiked white wine, exhibiting a satisfactory recovery of 93 %-113 %, confirming its efficacy in a complex matrix.