The last decade has witnessed a significant growth in the use of information technology and information systems. This new industry now employs a variety of personnel from many academic and commercial backgrounds, and is still grappling with the problems of standards, professionalism and performance. The majority of I. S. personnel have followed a traditional technical career often from entry-level programmer through systems analyst to Information Systems Management.
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Diane C. P. Smith (1989) studied this question.
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