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Mechanism of water and mud inrush induced by seepage failure in the filling media of fault fracture zones: A true triaxial laboratory investigation

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This study aims to understand the mechanisms of water and mud inrush induced by seepage failure in fault fracture zones during tunnel construction.
Developed a three-dimensional geomechanical apparatus to observe particle migration and loss under triaxial stress conditions.
Measured changes in permeability, porosity, cohesion, shear strength, and viscosity during seepage failure under varying hydraulic gradients.
Established relationships between physical quantities and identified flow pattern transitions from Darcy to non-Darcy.
Significant transition observed at specific hydraulic gradients leading to changes in flow patterns and constitutive relations: from Darcy flow to non-Darcy and Newtonian to Bingham.
Established segmented functions correlating porosity, permeability, and hydraulic gradient, indicating a nonlinear evolution mechanism.
Identified mathematical relationships between internal friction angle, cohesion, cumulative particle mass loss, and viscosity related to gushing fluid composition.

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Laboratory investigation reveals mechanisms of water and mud inrush in fault zones, indicating construction risks.

Wang et al. (2026) studied this question.

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