Current classical wave theory and quantum physics systems usually simplify the wave behavior of microscopic particles such as photons, electrons, and protons into reciprocating vibrations in a two-dimensional plane, and define the standard wavelength and wave period by the extreme distance between wave crests and troughs along the propagation direction (X-direction). This study proposes that microscopic particles are not limited to vibration in a single plane, but continuously exhibit the characteristics of 360° spatial three-dimensional omnidirectional micro-vibration during propagation. Each vibration of a particle in an inclined direction has its corresponding wave crest and trough, but the projection of such extreme values in the propagation X-direction is too small to be recognized as an effective measurement extreme. A particle needs to undergo tens of thousands of alternating vibrations in three-dimensional directions before a vibration direction exactly perpendicular to the X-propagation direction appears, forming a recognizable real wave crest and trough in the X-direction. The traditional wave model only selects the extreme values in the X-direction to determine the wavelength, ignoring the vibration patterns in other directions, which is a macroscopic equivalent approximation and cannot fully reflect the real state of microscopic particle motion. This study further discusses the ability of this model to explain typical microscopic phenomena such as electron diffraction and particle scattering, providing a new theoretical perspective for in-depth understanding of the wave mechanism of microscopic particles.
Jiaqing Yan (2026) studied this question.