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June 1, 2026Scientific ReportsOpen Access

A citizen-based assessment of European smart cites using a DP2 index

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Authors

TPTiziano PavaniniPolitecnico di MilanoACAndrea CiacciEuropean Food Safety AuthorityTFTommaso FilìMinistry of Infrastructures and Transport

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Implication

Randomized trial assesses smart city performance based on citizen perceptions, suggesting a need for citizen-centric approaches.

Key Points

  • The aim is to analyze how citizens perceive the balance of key urban dimensions in 56 smart cities across Europe, filling a gap in the current research.
  • Applied the non-compensatory Distance-Pena (DP2) method for assessment.
  • Evaluated citizen perceptions across five urban categories: health and safety, mobility, activities, opportunities, and governance.
  • Categorized cities into four typologies based on structural and technological performance.
  • Identified four types of smart cities based on citizen perceptions of infrastructure and technology.
  • Some cities showcase equal development in infrastructure and technology, while others show unequal development favoring one aspect.
  • Results provide insights into different configurations of perceived smart city performance.

Cite This Study

Pavanini et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6a1d236002fbce91306390ddhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-55659-7
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