TCF3::HLF acute lymphoblastic leukemia: still challenging to cure thirty years later

While the majority of children, adolescents, and young adults with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) can be cured by risk-adapted multi-agent chemotherapy regimens optimized during the past 50 years, long-term survival has remained elusive for pediatric patients with the rare (<1% of cases), but to date universally-fatal, t(17;19) subtype harboring TCF3::HLF (formerly E2A-HLF) fusions first identified and reported in 1991.