Electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles are rapidly gaining popularity as an important means of decarbonizing the transport sector in tackling sustainable energy supply and environment pollution problems. To build a proper battery model is essential in predicting battery behaviour under various operating conditions for avoiding unsafe battery operations and in developing proper controlling algorithms and maintenance strategies. This paper presents a comprehensive review of battery modelling methods. In particular, the mechanism and characteristics of Li-ion batteries are presented, and different modelling methods are discussed. Considering that equivalent electric circuit models are most widely used in the battery management system, a detailed analysis of the modelling procedure is presented.
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Zhang et al. (2014) studied this question.
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