Theory and data are presented which indicate that certain alternative educational programs are a promising means of preventing and treating delinquent behavior. The theory proposes that delinquent behavior is a manifestation of a psychological defense against threats to self-esteem, and a substantial part of those threats originates in school experiences. Individualized educational programs that maximize success experiences and provide for more personal teacher-student relationships have the potential to reduce the provocations for and strengthen the controls against delinquency.
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Martin Gold (1978) studied this question.