Land use interacts with changes in catchment hydrology to generate chronic nitrate pollution in karst waters and strong seasonality in excess nitrate export

Agricultural land in karst systems can pollute water courses, with polluted waters travelling quickly to and through the sub-surface. Understanding how rapidly nitrate moves within the highly-transmissive karst critical zone (from soils to aquifers) is limited by low resolution data. To understand nitrate behavior and its controls, we deployed sensor technology at five sites to generate autonomously high-resolution time series of discharge and NO3−–N, which is the major nitrogenous component, in a farmed karst catchment in Southwestern China. The NO3−–N time series exhibited rapid response to rainfall-induced increases in discharge and a large magnitude in NO3−–N, from 0.72 to 16.3 mg/L across five sites. However, the magnitude of NO3−–N response at each site was varied during rainfall events (wet season) and dry season. The highest mean NO3−–N and normalized annual fluvial export occurred in a headwater catchment with a developed karst aquifer system. Seasonal variation in NO3−–N export occurred in response to source availability, most notable in catchments with valley agriculture: in the wet season up to 97% of nitrate was exported from the headwater catchments in two months, but at the larger catchment scale, over the 6 month wet season, only 61% of total export occurred. At the larger catchment scale, NO3−–N were lower due to buffering by the karstic aquifer network. From the time series we observe little decrease in NO3−–N as discharge decreases in the dry season, indicating the karst aquifers are chronically-polluted with nitrate through slow flow pathways.