Lyapunov-based real-time optimization method in microgrids: A comprehensive review

An effective energy management system in a microgrid is of paramount importance, optimizing local energy utilization for diverse consumer needs. Prevalent strategies often rely on offline day-ahead or two-stage methods, assuming stable microgrid configurations or precise forecasts—a challenge in practical operations. A real-time energy management system approach struggles to achieve global optimal solutions, though inherently providing robustness against forecast uncertainties. A recent and promising approach is applying the Lyapunov optimization method, known for online optimization, to address challenges in real-time microgrid energy management systems. This paper provides a comprehensive exploration of Lyapunov-based real-time energy management systems in microgrids. We begin by elucidating the integration of the Lyapunov method into microgrid energy management. Categorizing pertinent research papers systematically, we differentiate parameters such as microgrid components with respect to real-time energy management systems, objective functions, and designs of the Lyapunov algorithm, covering establishment of virtual queues, drift-plus-penalty, and the control parameter roles of the algorithm. Integral to our investigation is a thorough assessment of the efficacy of the Lyapunov method in real-time microgrid energy management. The analysis highlights the efficacy of Lyapunov optimization in microgrid energy management system operation and underscores it as a solution to real-time energy management system challenges in microgrids, establishing its merits and applicability in scholarly and practical contexts. • Presenting a comprehensive review of Lyapunov-based online optimization in microgrids. • Analyzing and comparing the papers published on Lyapunov optimization (LO). • Elaborating the LO technique and formulating different energy management methods. • Comparing the effectiveness of the LO method with other energy management methods.