The systemic septic response

The clinical and physiological responses to septicemia were evaluated in 59 patients with 70 septic episodes. All patients were critically ill, had similar ICU support, and had positive blood cultures as well as a clinical infection when studied by dye dilution cardiac outputs. The overall ratio of gram-negative to gram-positive sepsis was 2.6:1.0. Patients with septicemia caused by gram-positive organisms, gram-negative organisms, anaerobes, and fungi had similar fever, leucocyte, and acid-base responses. There were also no statistical differences in any physiological variables between organism group or between specific organisms. After volume loading, all patients exhibited a hyperdynamic cardiovascular response with abnormal vascular tone. Some degree of myocardial depression was a common feature of all forms of bacterial or fungal septicemia. Heart rate was the cardiac variable producing the increased cardiac output in this setting. The exact pathogenesis of the septic response remains undetermined. However, the response appears to be host determined and not peculiar to a specific pathogenic microorganism.