Polarization and domains in wurtzite ferroelectrics: Fundamentals and applications

The 2019 report of ferroelectricity in (Al,Sc)N Fichtner et al., J. Appl. Phys. 125, 114103 (2019) broke a long-standing tradition of considering AlN the textbook example of a polar but non-ferroelectric material. Combined with the recent emergence of ferroelectricity in HfO2-based fluorites Böscke et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 99, 102903 (2011), these unexpected discoveries have reinvigorated studies of integrated ferroelectrics, with teams racing to understand the fundamentals and/or deploy these new materials—or, more correctly, attractive new capabilities of old materials—in commercial devices. The five years since the seminal report of ferroelectric (Al,Sc)N Fichtner et al., J. Appl. Phys. 125, 114103 (2019) have been particularly exciting, and several aspects of recent advances have already been covered in recent review articles Jena et al., Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 58, SC0801 (2019); Wang et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 124, 150501 (2024); Kim et al., Nat. Nanotechnol. 18, 422–441 (2023); and F. Yang, Adv. Electron. Mater. 11, 2400279 (2024). We focus here on how the ferroelectric wurtzites have made the field rethink domain walls and the polarization reversal process—including the very character of spontaneous polarization itself—beyond the classic understanding that was based primarily around perovskite oxides and extended to other chemistries with various caveats. The tetrahedral and highly covalent bonding of AlN along with the correspondingly large bandgap lead to fundamental differences in doping/alloying, defect compensation, and charge distribution when compared to the classic ferroelectric systems; combined with the unipolar symmetry of the wurtzite structure, the result is a class of ferroelectrics that are both familiar and puzzling, with characteristics that seem to be perfectly enabling and simultaneously nonstarters for modern integrated devices. The goal of this review is to (relatively) quickly bring the reader up to speed on the current—at least as of early 2025—understanding of domains and defects in wurtzite ferroelectrics, covering the most relevant work on the fundamental science of these materials as well as some of the most exciting work in early demonstrations of device structures.