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The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a pivotal role in cancer progression and metastasis, with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling serving as a key regulator of tumor angiogenesis and immune evasion. VEGF induces abnormal blood vessel formation, promoting tumor growth, immune suppression, and metastasis through epithelialmesenchymal transition (EMT). As a result, VEGF signaling has become a critical therapeutic target in cancer treatment. This review examines the molecular mechanisms driving VEGF-mediated tumor growth and angiogenesis, with a focus on the interaction between tumor and endothelial cells and the dual role of VEGF in fostering vascularization and immune suppression. Current anti-VEGF therapies, including monoclonal antibodies (e.g., bevacizumab) and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), have demonstrated efficacy and have received FDA approval for various cancers; however, therapeutic resistance remains a significant challenge. Strategies to overcome resistance, such as novel VEGF inhibitors, vascular normalization approaches, and combination therapies with immune checkpoint inhibitors, have been explored. Additionally, future directions emphasize the need for personalized approaches to improve treatment efficacy and reduce metastasis. A comprehensive understanding of VEGF signaling in the TME may pave the way for more effective cancer therapies.
Mahaki et al. (Wed,) studied this question.