Treatment of Urolithiasis: A Comprehensive Review

Urolithiasis is a highly prevalent and multifactorial disease, representing the most common urological condition globally. Its incidence continues to rise, posing a significant public health challenge. Management strategies are tailored to individual patients, considering factors such as stone size, composition, location, and underlying metabolic conditions. This review provides a comprehensive overview of both pharmacological and surgical approaches to urolithiasis, emphasising recent advancements and emerging technologies. Surgical treatments, particularly minimally invasive procedures, have shown considerable improvement, offering highly effective solutions with reduced morbidity. While surgical interventions are essential, pharmacological therapies play a key role in preventing recurrence and addressing metabolic abnormalities that contribute to stone formation. Advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms and pathophysiology of urolithiasis are crucial for developing targeted therapies. A holistic approach that integrates advanced surgical techniques with pharmacological interventions, tailored to individual metabolic profiles, is essential for optimising patient outcomes. Personalised management, supported by regular monitoring of urinary pH, metabolic profiles, and adherence to treatment regimens, is vital to reducing recurrence and improving the quality of life for patients with urolithiasis.