Asymmetries in the macroscopic and the nanoscopic DC electrical conductivity through Langmuir–Blodgett multilayers and monolayers of γ-(n-hexadecyl)quinolinium tricyanoquinodimethanide (HDQ-3CNQ, 1) are due to a transition from the ground-state zwitterion to a probably neutral excited-state conformer, thus confirming without a shadow of a doubt the rectification of electrical current by a single molecule.
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Robert M. Metzger (1998) studied this question.