This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: GIULIANOTTI, R. and ARMSTRONG, G., 2002. Avenues of contestation: football hooligans running and ruling urban spaces. Social Anthropology, 10 (2), pp. 211-238, which has been published in final form at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8676.2002.tb00055.x. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for self-archiving.
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Armstrong et al. (2007) studied this question.
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