Diet‐induced prediabetes: Effects on the activity of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system in selected organs

Figures

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  Figure 1. The effects of a high‐fat high‐carbohydrate diet on the relative expression of the skeletal muscle renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system components, namely, (a) renin, (b) angiotensinogen (AGT), (c) angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE), (d) angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R), and the protein concentration of (e) angiotensin II (Ang II) and (f) aldosterone of rats at week 32. Values are presented as the means ± standard error of the mean. *P ˂ 0.05, **P ˂ 0.01 and ***P ˂ 0.001 denotes significance relative to standard rat chow with normal drinking water (non‐prediabetes [NPD]) diet‐fed male Sprague–Dawley rats. mRNA, messenger ribonucleic acid; PD, prediabetes. (See the exact numerical values for figure 1 in table 4.1 in the supplementary information)

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  Figure 2. The effects of a high‐fat high‐carbohydrate diet on the (a) fasting blood glucose, (b) plasma insulin and (c) glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) of rats at week 32. Values are presented as the mean ± standard error of the mean. **P ˂ 0.01, ***P ˂ 0.001 and *P ˂ 0.05 denotes comparison with standard rat chow with normal drinking water (non‐prediabetes [NPD]) diet‐fed male Sprague–Dawley rats. PD, prediabetes. (See the exact numerical values for figure 2 in table 4.2 in the supplementary information)

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  Figure 3. The effects of a high‐fat high‐carbohydrate diet on the relative expression of the adipose tissue renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system components, namely, (a) renin, (b) angiotensinogen (AGT), (c) angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE), (d) angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R), and the protein concentration of (e) angiotensin II (Ang II) and (f) aldosterone of rats at week 32. Values are presented as the mean ± standard error of the mean. **P ˂ 0.01 and ***P ˂ 0.001, denotes significance relative to standard rat chow with normal drinking water (non‐prediabetes [NPD]) diet‐fed male Sprague–Dawley rats. mRNA, messenger ribonucleic acid; PD, prediabetes. (See the exact numerical values for figure 3 in table 4.3 in the supplementary information)

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  Figure 4. The effects of a high‐fat high‐carbohydrate diet on the relative expression of the liver renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system components namely, (a) renin, (b) angiotensinogen (AGT), (c) angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) and (d) angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R), and protein concentration of (e) angiotensin II (Ang II) and (f) aldosterone of rats at week 32. Values are presented as the mean ± standard error of the mean. *P ˂ 0.05, **P ˂ 0.01 and ***P ˂ 0.001 denotes significance relative to the standard rat chow with normal drinking water (non‐prediabetes [NPD]) diet‐fed Male Sprague Dawley rats. mRNA, messenger ribonucleic acid; PD, prediabetes. (See the exact values for figure 4 in table 4.4 in the supplementary information)

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  Figure 5. The effects of a high‐fat high‐carbohydrate diet on the liver triglycerides (TG) concentration of rats at week 32. Values are presented as the mean ± standard error of the mean. ***P ˂ 0.001 denotes comparison with standard rat chow with normal drinking water (non‐prediabetes [NPD]) diet‐fed male Sprague–Dawley rats. PD, prediabetes. (See the exact numerical values for figure 5 in table 4.5 in the supplementary information)

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  Figure 6. The effects of a high‐fat high‐carbohydrate diet on the pancreas renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system components relative expression of (a) renin, (b) angiotensinogen (AGT), (c) angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) and (d) angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R), and the protein concentration of (e) angiotensin II (Ang II) and (f) aldosterone of rats at week 32. Values are presented as the mean ± standard error of the mean. *P ˂ 0.05 and **P ˂ 0.01 denotes significance relative to the standard rat chow with normal drinking water (non‐prediabetes [NPD]) diet‐fed male Sprague–Dawley rats. mRNA, messenger ribonucleic acid; PD, prediabetes. (See the exact numerical values for figure 6 in table 4.6 in the supplementary information)

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  Figure 7. Effects of ingesting a high‐fat high‐carbohydrate diet on (a) endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and (b) mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) levels of rats at week 32. Values are presented as the mean ± standard error of the mean. (a) *P ˂ 0.05 and **P ˂ 0.01denotes comparison with standard rat chow with normal drinking water (non‐prediabetes [NPD]) diet‐fed male Sprague–Dawley rats. PD, prediabetes. (See the exact numerical values for figure 7 in table 4.7 in the supplementary information)

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  Figure 8. The effects of a high‐fat high‐carbohydrate diet on the relative expression of the heart renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system components, namely, (a) renin, (b) angiotensinogen (AGT), (c) angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) and (d) angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) in addition to the protein concentration of angiotensin II (An II) and aldosterone of rats at week 32. Values are presented as the mean ± standard error of the mean. *P ˂ 0.05, **P ˂ 0.01 and ***P ˂ 0.001 denotes significance relative to the standard rat chow with normal drinking water (non‐prediabetes [NPD]) diet‐fed male Sprague–Dawley rats. mRNA, messenger ribonucleic acid; PD, prediabetes. (See the exact numerical values for figure 8 in table 4.8 in the supplementary information)