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pA two-step strategy for the mechanical analysis of UnReinforced Masonry (URM) structures, either subjected to in- and out-of-plane loading, is presented. At a first step, a semi-automatic digital tool allows the parametric modeling of the structure that, together with an Upper bound limit analysis tool and a heuristic optimization solver, enables tracking the most prone failure mechanism. At a second step, a coupled concurrent FE model with micro- and macro-scales is assumed. A micro-modeling description of the masonry is allocated to regions within the failure mechanism found in the former step. In converse, the other domain regions are modeled via a macro-approach, whose constitutive response is elastic and orthotropic and formulated through closed-form homogenized-based solutions. The application of the framework is based on non-linear static (pushover) analysis and conducted on three benchmarks: (i) an in-plane loaded URM shear wall; (ii) a U-shaped URM structure; and (iii) a URM church. Results are given in terms of load capacity curves, total displacement fields, and computational running time; and compared against those found with a FE microscopic model and with a limit analysis tool. Lastly, conclusions on the potential of the framework and future research streams are addressed./p
Funari et al. (Wed,) studied this question.