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The system vulnerabilities are most precious thing for attackers. One such vulnerability is OS of the system which can be easily fingerprinted. This paper basically deals with discussion about the primary phases that every OS fingerprinting tool uses to detect the OS of Remote System. The techniques used by popular tools Nmap and Xprobe2 are presented here, in context to understand the security framework that is to be setup to play defensive against them. Further some implementation examples are illustrated for different OS to countermeasure against fingerprinting.
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Kalia et al. (2005) studied this question.