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Kathleen A. Kunis is a staff nurse at California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco. Her mentor, Kathleen A. Puntillo, is professor of nursing and director of the Critical Care/Trauma Graduate Program at the University of California, San Francisco. The authors developed this article as part of the AACN/ AJN Nursing Fellows Program, a professional development program of the American Association of Critical-Care Nurses in collaboration with AJN.
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Kunis et al. (2003) studied this question.
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