Selective beneficial cardiometabolic effects of vertical sleeve gastrectomy are predominantly mediated through glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) in Zucker diabetic fatty rats

Figures

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  Fig. 1. Effect of VSG on GLP-1 and insulin. In order to determine the effect of VSG on GLP-1, we performed vertical sleeve gastrectomy (n = 5/group) and compared to the sham (n = 5/group) surgery group. GLP-1 (pM) (A) or insulin (B) levels were measured at 0 and 30 minutes post oral glucose (2 gm/kg) load before surgery and at 12 weeks post surgery. White bar represents baseline or initial values and black bars represent 12 week values. All the data are represented as mean ± SEM and significance was carried out based on ANOVA followed by Bonferroni' multiple comparisons test (∗∗∗ p < 0.001 and ∗∗ p < 0.01).

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  Fig. 2. Effect of GLP-1 receptor antagonist (Exendin 9–39) on fasting glucose level on VSG. In order to determine the effect of Exendin 9-39 on fasting blood glucose in ZDF rats underwent VSG, we measured fasting blood glucose level before and 12 weeks post surgery and compared with the sham group. VSG group received exendin 9-39 had significantly higher blood glucose level than the VSG group. White bar represent baseline or initial values and black bars represents 12 week values. All the data are represented as mean ± SEM and significance was carried out based on ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’ multiple comparisons test (∗∗ p < 0.01).

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  Fig. 3. Effect of GLP-1 receptor antagonist (Exendin 9–39) on body weight and food intake after VSG. In order to determine the effect of Exendin 9-39 on body weight (A) and food intake (B) in ZDF rats after VSG data was collected before and 12 weeks post surgery and compared with the sham group. White bar represent baseline or initial values and black bars represents 12 week values. All the data are represented as mean ± SEM and significance was carried out based on ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’ multiple comparisons test (∗ p < 0.05 and ∗∗ p < 0.01).

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  Fig. 4. Effect of GLP-1 receptor antagonist (Exendin 9–39) on insulin on VSG. In order to determine the effect of Exendin 9-39 on insulin level in ZDF rats undergoing VSG, we measured insulin level before and 12 weeks post-surgery in the presence and absence of exendin 9-39 and compared values to the VSG and sham groups. White bar represent baseline or initial values and black bars represents 12 week values. All the data are represented as mean ± SEM and significance was carried out based on ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’ multiple comparisons test (∗ p < 0.05).

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  Fig. 5. Effect of GLP-1 receptor antagonist (Exendin 9–39) on heart rate and blood pressure after VSG. In order to determine the effect of GLP-1, we measured heart rate (A), systolic (B) or diastolic blood pressure (C) before and 12 weeks post-surgery in the presence and absence of exendin 9-39 and compared to the VSG and sham groups. White bar represent baseline or initial values and black bars represents 12 week values. All the data are represented as mean ± SEM and significance was carried out based on ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’ multiple comparisons test.

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  Fig. 6. Effect of GLP-1 receptor antagonist (Exendin 9–39) on Vasorelaxation or Vasocontraction (aorta) in ZDF rats underwent VSG. (A) Effect of exendin 9-39 on vasorelaxation induced by acetylcholine in ZDF rats underwent VSG compared to the sham or VSG (B) Effect of exendin 9-39 on Vasocontraction induced by angiotensin II in ZDF rats underwent VSG compared to the sham or VSG (C) Effect of exendin 9-39 on vasorelaxation induced by sodium nitroprusside in ZDF rats underwent VSG compared to the sham or VSG. Black circle, white open circle and white open square represent Sham, VSG and VSG group received exendin 9-39 respectively. All the data are represented as mean ± SEM and significance was carried out based on ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’ multiple comparisons test.

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  Fig. 7. Effect of GLP-1 receptor antagonist (exendin 9–39) on total cholesterol and triglyceride after VSG. Vertical sleeve gastrectomy (n = 5/group) was performed in the presence of exendin 9-39 for 12 weeks and total cholesterol (A) or triglyceride (B) levels compared to the VSG (n = 5/group) group and sham (n = 5/group). Dotted line represents baseline or initial values and bars represent 12 week values. All the data are represented as mean ± SEM and significance was carried out based on ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’ multiple comparisons test (∗∗∗ p < 0.001).

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  Fig. 8. Effect of GLP-1 receptor antagonist (Exendin 9–39) on serum bile acid and L-PGDS after VSG. We measured serum bile acid (A) and L-PGDS (B) levels after VSG group in the presence of exendin 9-39 (n = 5/group) and compared it to the VSG group (n = 5/group) group. Dotted line represents baseline or initial values and bars represent 12 week values. All the data are represented as mean ± SEM and significance was carried out based on ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’ multiple comparisons test ((∗ p < 0.05, ∗∗∗ p < 0.001).