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The study involved the use of two different methods of measuring emergent leadership: self-reference and other reference. The use of both self-perceived and other-perceived leadership measures introduced a convergent validation model into the research design. Results indicated that the two measures are significantly related and have similar construct validities. When using both self-report and other-report data, the correlates and patterns of prediction hold up for both types of data. It can be concluded that the predictors of emergent leadership are similar under a variety of leadership measurement strategies. However, the criterion measures, self-perceived leadership and other-perceived leadership, may represent variations of emergent leadership, and both may be needed to understand more fully the leadership emergence phenomenon.
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Anderson et al. (1991) studied this question.
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