Given the large contribution of the transport sector in the global level of Greenhouse Gases (GHG) emissions, developing and adopting more carbon-efficient transport mode is crucial. Many discrepancies exist in the literature comparing modal transport emissions since their scope, geographic perimeter, calculation methods and sets of assumptions strongly vary. This paper reviews some CO2 and GHG emissions data from the literature analyzing air, road, and rail transport, and shows that similar patterns of contributors can be found within each mode. It allows the identification of some important parameters to focus on for further development of multimodal comparative Life Cycle Assessments.
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Trevisan et al. (2020) studied this question.