Population dynamics of ungulates (European bison Bison bonasus, elk Alces alces, red deer Cervus elaphus, roe deer Capreolus capreolus, wild boar Sus scrofa, non-native fallow deer Dama dama, and cattle) were analysed in Białowieża Primeval Forest (BPF, 1250 km2), one of the largest remaining tracts of ancient mixed and decidous forests in the lowlands of Europe.
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Jędrzejewska et al. (1997) studied this question.
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