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A stable equilibrium was obtained for two F(-) strains of Escherichia coli in a glucose minimal medium. This equilibrium cannot readily be explained by traditional models of population genetics and apparently violates some forms of the ecological principle of competition exclusion. A mechanism involving an inverse relationship between the growth rates of these strains at the exponential and "stationary" phases is suggested as a possible explanation for the observed stable equilibrium.
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Bruce R. Levin (1972) studied this question.
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