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This case study, set in Central America, showed that total quality management training improved attitudes toward supervisors. It further demonstrated that working together within a production unit with a focus on data based problem solving lead to better attitudes held by subordinates of supervisors than if the relationship were purely hierarchical. Middle managers who related to their superiors in a primarily hierarchical manner had less favorable views of their superiors.
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Asbjørn Osland (1997) studied this question.
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