Key result
Disturbed flow and low shear stress induce vascular calcification via endothelial and smooth muscle crosstalk.
Design
Review
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4D Flow MRI may aid early detection at high-risk sites; leaves open prospective validation before clinical use.
Understanding the fluid dynamics mechanisms of vascular calcification highlights the potential of advanced imaging techniques like 4D Flow MRI for early diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases.
Xu et al. (2023) conducted a review in Vascular calcification. Disturbed blood flow and low shear stress in arterial bending areas and branch points induce vascular calcification through crosstalk between endothelial and smooth muscle cells.
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