Linking sleep patterns to eye health: a review of current understanding and future directions

Sleep plays a crucial role in maintaining ocular health. However, the relationship between sleep quality and eye diseases remains insufficiently explored. This narrative review consolidates findings from recent literature published over the past decade. It examines how sleep patterns influence the physiological stability of ocular tissues and their potential links to common eye conditions. Evidence from both animal and human studies suggests that sleep may influence retinal function, tear film homeostasis, intraocular pressure regulation, and inflammatory responses via circadian and neuroendocrine mechanisms. Particular attention is given to the associations between sleep disorders—such as obstructive sleep apnea—and ocular diseases including glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, and dry eye syndrome. While existing research highlights the potential biological pathways, substantial heterogeneity in study designs precludes quantitative synthesis. Future interdisciplinary investigations are needed to clarify causal relationships and inform clinical strategies integrating sleep assessment into ophthalmic care.