Salvianolic acid A protects against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury by reducing platelet activation and inflammation

Figures

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  Figure 1.. Morphological assessment of left ventricles exposed to I/R. Representative Evans blue staining of the left ventricles in the (A) Sham, I/R, SAA and Tirofiban group was used to determine the RA. Normal myocardium was stained blue and the RA was stained white. Representative tetrazolium chloride staining of the left ventricles in the (B) Sham, I/R, SAA and Tirofiban group was used to determine infarct size. Normal myocardium was stained red and the infarct area was stained pale red and/or pink. I/R, ischemia-reperfusion; SAA, salvianolic acid A; RA, risk area.

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  Figure 2.. Survival rate 24 h after myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. I/R, ischemia-reperfusion; SAA, salvianolic acid A.

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  Figure 3.. SAA and Tirofiban reduced serum levels of cTnT and CK-MB following myocardial I/R. (A) cTnT and (B) CK-MB activity were quantified by ELISA. Data are presented as the mean ± standard error of the mean. *P<0.05 vs. sham, #P<0.05 vs. I/R. cTnT, cardiac troponin T; CK-MB, creatine kinase isoenzyme MB; I/R, ischemia-reperfusion; SAA, salvianolic acid A.

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  Figure 4.. Cross-sectional and longitudinal sections of hematoxylin and eosin stained myocardial tissue at 3 h after reperfusion. Magnification, ×40. Scale bar, 100 µm. I/R, ischemia-reperfusion; SAA, salvianolic acid A.

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  Figure 5.. SAA and Tirofiban reduced platelet aggregation induced by ADP stimulation. Platelets were isolated from the blood of sham rats or rats following I/R. Data shown are presented as the mean ± standard error of the mean. *P<0.05 SAA vs. I/R group, #P<0.05 Tirofiban vs. I/R group. SAA, salvianolic acid A; ADP, adenosine diphosphate; I/R, ischemia-reperfusion.

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  Figure 6.. SAA reduced serum levels of p-selectin following myocardial I/R. Data are presented as the mean ± standard error of the mean. *P<0.05 vs. sham; #P<0.05 vs. I/R. SAA, salvianolic acid A; I/R, ischemia-reperfusion.

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  Figure 7.. SAA and Tirofiban reduced serum levels of IL-β and TNF-α following myocardial I/R. (A) TNF-α and (B) IL-1β were quantified by ELISA. Data are presented as the mean ± standard error of the mean. *P<0.05 vs. sham; #P<0.05 vs. I/R. SAA, salvianolic acid A; I/R, ischemia-reperfusion; IL-1β, interleukin-1β; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α.

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  Figure 8.. SAA treatment increased NO concentration in the left ventricle following myocardial I/R. Data are presented as the mean ± standard error of the mean. *P<0.05 vs. I/R. SAA, salvianolic acid A; I/R, ischemia-reperfusion.