Muscle drain versus brain gain in association football: technology transfer through player emigration and manager immigration

This is the authors' abstract. We don't add key points for this paper.

To test theories of migration and economic development, this article examines whether international football teams benefit from having players playing abroad in stronger leagues and from employing managers from countries with stronger leagues. The results provide evidence in support of the former effect. However, there is a negative impact from employing managers from countries with superior leagues.