Atrial fibrillation fundamentals: from physiopathology to transcatheter ablation

Figures

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  Figure 1. Coumel’s Triangle.

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  Figure 2. Examples of different patterns of AF. Left panel (A S): The atrial activation is regular in the lateral and posterior wall in the right atrium and in the CS, with a definite single electrogram. The activation sequence is clearly craniocaudal in the RL wall. The septal region, both right (especially mid and low) and left, shows disorganized atrial activity with double, fragmented electrograms. Middle left panel (B RP, S): Atrial activation is regular in the lateral wall, where a craniocaudal sequence is evident, and in the CS. In contrast, the RS, LS, and RP wall show irregular atrial activation with fragmented, double, and low-amplitude atrial electrograms. Right middle panel (C CS, RP, S): The activation sequence is almost regular in the RL wall, with a craniocaudal sequence, whereas in the other sites (RP wall, septum, and CS), fragmented and double electrograms are present. Right panel (D): All recording sites show very irregular, disorganized atrial activation. RAN = right anterior wall; RL = right lateral wall; RPL = right posterolateral wall; RP = right posterior wall; RPS = right posteroseptal wall; RS = right septum; RAS = right anteroseptal wall; LHS = left high septum;…

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  Figure 3. A scheme of the surgical lesions created in left atrium in Gaita et al.6 (Granted Licence no. 5485361081525).