Evaluating Genomic and Clinical Risk Factors for Alzheimer’s Disease in Individuals with Hypertension

Figures

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  Figure 1. Comparison of covariation distributions between AD and control cohorts. (A) Density plot of years since birth illustrates the distributions between cohorts after matching. Grouped bar plots display the proportion of (B) race and (C) sex at birth across the matched cohorts. (D) A histogram of propensity scores that overlap indicates the balance of covariates.

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  Figure 2. Geographic distribution of hypertensive Alzheimer’s disease incidence per 1000 individuals. Map showing the incidence of AD across different U.S. states. Regions shaded in darker colors represent higher HTN-predisposed AD incidence rates, while lighter colors represent lower incidence. The AD incidence was calculated for individuals with HTN who were prescribed anti-HTN medications and normalized to the total AoU cohort by state, regardless of HTN status. Incidence values are expressed per 1000 individuals.

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  Figure 3. AD-free survival over time for risk factors. Kaplan–Meier survival curves for AD diagnosis of displaying AD-free survival over time between (A) controlled vs. uncontrolled systolic blood pressure; (B) obesity levels, categorized by BMI measurements; and (C) combined systolic blood pressure control and obesity levels, showing AD-free survival across joint categories. Survival probabilities indicate the proportion of individuals who remained AD-free over the follow-up period.

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  Figure 4. Hazard ratios for Alzheimer’s disease incidence. Hazard ratios, derived from the cox regression models, compare AD risk for (A) observed risk factors in the non-HTN cohort, (B) observed risk factors in the HTN cohort, and (C) obesity levels in the HTN cohort. A random forest plot displays the significant pairwise cox regression results from the (D) combination of systolic blood pressure control and obesity levels in the HTN cohort. The second factor for each comparison was considered the control.

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  Figure 5. Manhattan plots of the GWAS for Alzheimer’s disease. GWAS Manhattan plots displaying SNVs associated with HTN in the full AD cohort. Each point has its chromosomal position on the x-axis and significance on the y-axis. Chromosomes have alternating colors for visual clarity. The dashed line indicates the genome-wide significance threshold.