values for sulfide, sulfur, and sulfate increasing from 0.30, 0.09, and 0.02 to 0.66, 0.77, and 0.74, respectively. Predictive robustness was also enhanced, with extreme deviations reduced by 78.2% relative to the data-driven model. Using HyDIM, a bi-objective optimization strategy achieved stable long-term performance, with 96% sulfide removal and 91% sulfur recovery, a 41% improvement in sulfur recovery over the mechanistic strategy. Overall, this work presents a novel modeling paradigm for reliable decision support and control in WWT.
Xie et al. (Mon,) studied this question.