Abstract Quantitative visualization of three-dimensional magnetic textures is essential in understanding emergent topological spin textures. However, existing transmission electron microscopy approaches face trade-offs between spatial resolution, sample robustness, experimental complexity and the ability to reconstruct full vector fields. Here, we present a general, experimentally practical workflow for 3D reconstruction of vector fields based on dual-axis-tilt integrated differential phase contrast scanning transmission electron microscopy (iDPC-STEM) tomography. The method combines low magnification iDPC imaging, dual-axis-tilt acquisition, scalar field reconstruction using Simultaneous Iterative Reconstruction Technique (SIRT) and computational calculations to extract the magnetic induction fields. Here, we demonstrate the method on room temperature magnet Fe 1.9 Ni 0.9 Pd 0.2 P (FNPP), revealing 3D strip domains with two types of domain walls. Our approach provides a versatile and accessible solution for resolving 3D magnetic induction in thin-film and bulk-derived specimens, bridging the gap between phase-contrast STEM and full-vector tomography in the investigations of magnetic materials.
Chiew et al. (Mon,) studied this question.