Molecular Epidemiology of Human Adenovirus from Acute Gastroenteritis Cases in Brazil After the COVID-19 Pandemic Period, 2021–2023

Figures

• 

  Figure 1. (A) Monthly distribution of tested acute gastroenteritis samples, HAdV-positive samples, and detection rates in Brazil, 2021–2023. (B) Monthly distribution of surveillance period addition of acute gastroenteritis samples tested. HAdV-positive samples and detection rates in Brazil. (C) Seasonal distribution period addition of HAdV-positive samples for each Brazilian region.

• 

  Figure 2. Distribution of viral load of non-enteric and enteric HAdV, noroviruses, and rotaviruses in stool samples, expressed as genome copies per gram (GC/g). Box-and-whisker plots show the first and third quartiles (equivalent to the 5th and 95th percentiles), the median (the horizontal line in the box). **** p ≤ 0.0001.

• 

  Figure 3. (A) The total frequency of HAdV types obtained from samples sequenced between 2021 and 2023. HAdV types obtained from co-detection with rotavirus or norovirus are represented by a hatched pattern. (B) Frequency by age group. (C) Distribution of HAdV genotypes identified in samples from Brazil between 2021 and 2023.

• 

  Figure 4. Phylogenetic tree based of non-enteric HAdV on the conserved region of the nucleotide (nt) sequences of the hexon gene. Strains isolated in this study (marked with a circle) are shown as country, LVCA internal register number, year of collection, and type (i.e., BRA/LVCA35334/2023/HAdV-C1) and Reference strains were downloaded from GenBank. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic trees were constructed using MEGA X software with bootstrap testing (1000 replicates) applied the on Tamura-Nei (TN93) +G + I. Bootstrap values above 60% are given at branch nodes.

• 

  Figure 5. Phylogenetic tree based on the nt sequence of the (A) hypervariable regions (HVR1–HVR6) of the hexon gene and (B) partial shaft region of the fiber gene. HAdV-F40 and -F41. Strains isolated in this study (marked with a circle) are shown as country, LVCA internal register number, year of collection, and type (i.e., BRA/LVCA33516/2023/HAdV-41) and Reference strains were downloaded from GenBank. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic trees were constructed using MEGA X software with bootstrap testing (1000 replicates), applying the HKY model for the hexon hypervariable regions (A) and the HKY + I model for the fiber shaft region (B). Bootstrap values ≥ 60% are shown at branch nodes.