Effects of white ginseng on reducing stress and tension by enhancing default mode network connectivity: A randomized, double-blinded placebo-controlled clinical trial

Recent research has increasingly focused on the potential role of white ginseng ( Panax ginseng Meyer, PGC) in alleviating psychological conditions. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of PGC in reducing stress and tension over a 12-week period, employing a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial design. A total of 86 participants reporting stress-related symptoms were randomized to receive either PGC (n = 42) or a placebo (n = 44). Stress levels were assessed using a composite stress index, which was derived from self-reported measures, skin conductance response, and heart rate variability, at baseline, week 6, and week 12. Additionally, resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging was conducted at the same time points. PGC treatment resulted in a statistically significant reduction in the composite stress index compared to placebo ( P for interaction = 0.006). Furthermore, the PGC group demonstrated a more pronounced decrease in default mode network (DMN) functional connectivity than the placebo group ( P for interaction = 0.002). A significant positive correlation was observed between the degree of reduction in DMN functional connectivity and a lower composite stress index at week 12 within the PGC group ( r = 0.410, P = 0.025). PGC was well tolerated, with no significant differences in the incidence of adverse events ( P = 0.308) or in dropout rates ( P = 0.511) between the two groups. The findings of this study suggest that PGC has the potential to mitigate stress and tension, potentially through the modulation of DMN functional connectivity.